diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-direct-return-probe.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-direct-return-probe.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfb0572aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-direct-return-probe.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import { openAuthenticatedDirectEndpoint } from './mobile-direct-endpoint-probe'
+import type { MobileEndpointHysteresis } from './mobile-endpoint-hysteresis'
+import type { RpcClient } from './rpc-client'
+import type { HostProfile } from './types'
+import type { MobileConnectionPath } from './stable-logical-rpc-client'
+
+const DIRECT_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS = 15_000
+
+// While the runtime channel rides the relay, periodically probe the direct
+// endpoint and migrate back once hysteresis proves it stable.
+export class DirectReturnProbe {
+  private timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly deps: {
+      now: () => number
+      setTimer: typeof setTimeout
+      clearTimer: typeof clearTimeout
+      openDirect: (endpoint: string) => RpcClient
+    },
+    private readonly hooks: {
+      hysteresis: MobileEndpointHysteresis
+      host: () => HostProfile
+      canSchedule: () => boolean
+      canAttempt: () => boolean
+      beginOperation: () => void
+      migrate: (client: RpcClient, path: MobileConnectionPath) => Promise<void>
+      onDirectMigrated: () => Promise<void>
+      afterProbe: () => void
+    }
+  ) {}
+
+  schedule(delayMs = DIRECT_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS): void {
+    if (!this.hooks.canSchedule() || this.timer) {
+      return
+    }
+    this.timer = this.deps.setTimer(() => {
+      this.timer = null
+      void this.probe()
+    }, delayMs)
+  }
+
+  clear(): void {
+    if (this.timer) {
+      this.deps.clearTimer(this.timer)
+      this.timer = null
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async probe(): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.hooks.canAttempt() || !this.hooks.hysteresis.canProbe(this.deps.now())) {
+      this.schedule()
+      return
+    }
+    this.hooks.beginOperation()
+    let successful: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof openAuthenticatedDirectEndpoint>> = null
+    try {
+      successful = await openAuthenticatedDirectEndpoint(
+        this.hooks.host(),
+        this.deps.openDirect,
+        12_000
+      )
+      if (!successful) {
+        this.hooks.hysteresis.recordDirectFailure(this.deps.now())
+        return
+      }
+      if (!this.hooks.hysteresis.recordDirectSuccess(this.deps.now())) {
+        successful.client.close()
+        return
+      }
+      await this.hooks.migrate(successful.client, successful.path)
+      successful = null
+      this.hooks.hysteresis.recordMigration(this.deps.now())
+      await this.hooks.onDirectMigrated()
+    } finally {
+      successful?.client.close()
+      // Why: a relay drop or backoff timer can arrive while the probe owns the
+      // operation mutex; afterProbe releases it and replays deferred recovery.
+      this.hooks.afterProbe()
+      this.schedule()
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-lifecycle.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-lifecycle.ts
index 57881022a..d41898152 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-lifecycle.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-lifecycle.ts
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ function createSupervisor(
     readBundle: readMobileRelayCredentialBundle,
     writeBundle: writeMobileRelayCredentialBundle,
     saveHost,
+    onLog,
     now: Date.now,
     randomBytes: ExpoCrypto.getRandomBytes,
     setTimer: setTimeout,
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor-contract.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor-contract.ts
index d26e0706f..0098de6e0 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor-contract.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor-contract.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { MobileRelayCredentialBundle } from './mobile-relay-credential-bund
 import type { MobileRelayRpcSession } from './mobile-relay-rpc-session'
 import type { resolveMobileRelayEndpoint } from './mobile-relay-resume-director'
 import type { RpcClient } from './rpc-client'
-import type { HostProfile } from './types'
+import type { ConnectionLogSink, HostProfile } from './types'
 
 export type MobileEndpointSupervisorDependencies = {
   openDirect: (endpoint: string) => RpcClient
@@ -20,4 +20,5 @@ export type MobileEndpointSupervisorDependencies = {
   randomBytes: (length: number) => Uint8Array
   setTimer: typeof setTimeout
   clearTimer: typeof clearTimeout
+  onLog?: ConnectionLogSink
 }
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.test.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.test.ts
index 3ec05f5ef..e6d0ff8bb 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.test.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.test.ts
@@ -52,18 +52,21 @@ class FakeRelaySession extends FakeSession implements MobileRelayRpcSession {
   constructor(
     state: ConnectionState,
     private readonly failure: Error | null = null,
-    private readonly lease = Date.now() + 120_000
+    private readonly resumeExpiry = Date.now() + 30 * 24 * 3_600_000
   ) {
     super(state)
   }
-  getLeaseExpiresAt = () => this.lease
+  // Why: production-realistic defaults — fictional fake values hid three
+  // live defects in this subsystem (latch, churn, int32 timer overflow).
+  getAttachDeadlineAt = () => Date.now() + 10_000
+  getResumeExpiresAt = () => this.resumeExpiry
   getResumeConfirmation = () => ({
     v: 1 as const,
     reqId: 'confirm-1',
     currentVersion: 2,
     acceptedAs: 'current' as const,
     renewed: true,
-    resumeExpiresAt: Date.now() + 300_000
+    resumeExpiresAt: this.resumeExpiry
   })
   getFailure = () => this.failure
 }
@@ -716,6 +719,7 @@ describe('mobile endpoint supervisor', () => {
       .mockReturnValueOnce(new FakeRelaySession('disconnected', new RelayOuterError(4408)))
     const deps = dependencies({
       openRelay,
+      openDirect: vi.fn(() => new FakeSession('disconnected')),
       resolveRelay: vi.fn(() => resolvePending)
     })
     const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
@@ -744,12 +748,13 @@ describe('mobile endpoint supervisor', () => {
       .mockReturnValueOnce(new FakeRelaySession('disconnected', new RelayOuterError(4408)))
     const deps = dependencies({
       openRelay,
+      openDirect: vi.fn(() => new FakeSession('disconnected')),
       resolveRelay: vi.fn(() => resolvePending)
     })
     const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
 
     await supervisor.start()
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000)
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
     await vi.waitFor(() => expect(deps.resolveRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce())
     supervisor.setForeground(false)
     finishResolve?.(relay)
@@ -785,11 +790,14 @@ describe('mobile endpoint supervisor', () => {
       .fn()
       .mockReturnValueOnce(new FakeRelaySession('connected', null, Date.now() + 31_000))
       .mockImplementation(() => new FakeRelaySession('disconnected', new RelayOuterError(4404)))
-    const deps = dependencies({ openRelay })
+    const deps = dependencies({
+      openRelay,
+      openDirect: vi.fn(() => new FakeSession('disconnected'))
+    })
     const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
 
     await supervisor.start()
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000)
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
     expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
 
     await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5000)
@@ -808,12 +816,13 @@ describe('mobile endpoint supervisor', () => {
       .mockImplementation(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected'))
     const deps = dependencies({
       openRelay,
+      openDirect: vi.fn(() => new FakeSession('disconnected')),
       randomBytes: () => new Uint8Array([128, 0])
     })
     const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
 
     await supervisor.start()
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000)
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
     expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
 
     // The old relay can outlive its rejected lease replacement, then close separately.
@@ -833,12 +842,13 @@ describe('mobile endpoint supervisor', () => {
       .mockImplementation(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected'))
     const deps = dependencies({
       openRelay,
+      openDirect: vi.fn(() => new FakeSession('disconnected')),
       randomBytes: () => new Uint8Array([128, 0])
     })
     const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
 
     await supervisor.start()
-    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1000)
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
     expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
 
     supervisor.setForeground(true)
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.ts
index c8b3cdbcf..77ffbbde3 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-endpoint-supervisor.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { openAuthenticatedDirectEndpoint } from './mobile-direct-endpoint-probe'
 import type { MobileEndpointSupervisorDependencies } from './mobile-endpoint-supervisor-contract'
+import { DirectReturnProbe } from './mobile-direct-return-probe'
 import { RelayReconnectController } from './mobile-relay-reconnect-controller'
 import { RelayLeaseRotationTimer } from './mobile-relay-lease-rotation-timer'
 import { MobileEndpointHysteresis } from './mobile-endpoint-hysteresis'
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import {
   persistRelayHost,
   toError
 } from './mobile-endpoint-supervisor-support'
+import { selectDialableRelayCredentials } from './mobile-relay-credential-selection'
+import { createRelayRecoveryLog, type RelayRecoveryLog } from './mobile-relay-recovery-log'
 import {
   applyResumeConfirmation,
   mobileRelayCredentialNeedsRotation,
@@ -20,7 +22,6 @@ import type { HostProfile } from './types'
 
 export type { MobileEndpointSupervisorDependencies } from './mobile-endpoint-supervisor-contract'
 
-const DIRECT_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS = 15_000
 const DIRECT_OBSERVATION_MS = 30_000
 const MINIMUM_DWELL_MS = 60_000
 const FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS = 60_000
@@ -32,11 +33,12 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
   private operationInFlight = false
   private credentialRotationInFlight = false
   private relayRotationPending = false
-  private probeTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
   private unsubscribeState: (() => void) | null = null
   private readonly hysteresis: MobileEndpointHysteresis
   private readonly relayReconnect: RelayReconnectController
   private readonly leaseRotation: RelayLeaseRotationTimer
+  private readonly logRelay: RelayRecoveryLog
+  private readonly directProbe: DirectReturnProbe
 
   constructor(
     private readonly logical: StableLogicalRpcClient,
@@ -49,24 +51,52 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
       failureCooldownMs: FAILURE_COOLDOWN_MS,
       minimumDwellMs: MINIMUM_DWELL_MS
     })
+    this.logRelay = createRelayRecoveryLog(dependencies.now, dependencies.onLog)
     this.relayReconnect = new RelayReconnectController(dependencies, this.recoverRelay.bind(this))
     this.leaseRotation = new RelayLeaseRotationTimer(dependencies, () => {
       this.relayRotationPending = true
       void this.recoverRelay(true)
     })
+    this.directProbe = new DirectReturnProbe(dependencies, {
+      hysteresis: this.hysteresis,
+      host: () => this.host,
+      canSchedule: () =>
+        !this.stopped && this.foreground && this.logical.getActivePath() === 'relay',
+      canAttempt: () => !this.stopped && this.foreground && !this.operationInFlight,
+      beginOperation: () => {
+        this.operationInFlight = true
+      },
+      migrate: (client, path) => this.logical.migrateTo(client, path),
+      onDirectMigrated: async () => {
+        this.leaseRotation.clear()
+        this.relayRotationPending = false
+        await this.rotateCredentialIfNeeded(this.relayReconnect.resetForDirectConnection())
+      },
+      afterProbe: () => {
+        this.operationInFlight = false
+        if (this.relayRotationPending || this.logical.getState() !== 'connected') {
+          void this.recoverRelay(this.relayRotationPending)
+        }
+      }
+    })
   }
 
   async start(): Promise<void> {
     this.bundle = await this.dependencies.readBundle(this.host.id).catch(() => null)
-    if (this.stopped || !this.bundle || !this.host.relay) {
+    if (this.stopped || !this.host.relay) {
       return
     }
+    if (!this.bundle) {
+      // Why: a Keychain race at open must not kill relay recovery for the whole
+      // process lifetime; each recovery attempt re-reads the durable bundle.
+      this.logRelay('credential bundle unavailable at start; recovery will re-read')
+    }
     this.unsubscribeState = this.logical.onStateChange((state) => {
       if (state === 'connected') {
         if (this.logical.getActivePath() !== 'relay') {
           void this.rotateCredentialIfNeeded(this.relayReconnect.resetForDirectConnection())
         }
-        this.scheduleDirectProbe()
+        this.directProbe.schedule()
       } else {
         // Why: the direct client enters reconnecting after its first failed
         // dial and may never publish disconnected while its retry loop lives.
@@ -78,7 +108,7 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
       // are still loading, before the supervisor subscribes to state changes.
       await this.recoverRelay()
     } else {
-      this.scheduleDirectProbe()
+      this.directProbe.schedule()
     }
   }
 
@@ -87,11 +117,11 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
     this.foreground = foreground
     if (foreground) {
       this.relayReconnect.handleForeground(this.logical, wasForeground)
-      this.scheduleDirectProbe(0)
+      this.directProbe.schedule(0)
     } else {
       // Why: background phones must not hold billed relay data splices.
       this.relayReconnect.suspendActiveRelay(this.logical)
-      this.clearDirectProbeTimer()
+      this.directProbe.clear()
       this.relayReconnect.clear()
       this.leaseRotation.clear()
     }
@@ -101,7 +131,7 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
     this.stopped = true
     this.unsubscribeState?.()
     this.unsubscribeState = null
-    this.clearDirectProbeTimer()
+    this.directProbe.clear()
     this.relayReconnect.clear()
     this.leaseRotation.clear()
   }
@@ -112,7 +142,6 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
       this.stopped ||
       !this.foreground ||
       this.operationInFlight ||
-      !this.bundle ||
       !this.host.relay ||
       (!forceReplacement && !this.relayReconnect.needsRecovery(this.logical.getState()))
     ) {
@@ -121,23 +150,42 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
     // Why: revival and lease timers can overlap resume failures; one shared cooldown
     // prevents PEER_DROPPED/LIMIT_EXCEEDED reconnect churn.
     if (this.relayReconnect.shouldDefer()) {
+      this.logRelay('recovery deferred by cooldown or gate')
       return
     }
     this.operationInFlight = true
     let lastError: Error | null = null
     let retryAfterOperation = false
     try {
-      const credentials = this.relayReconnect.eligibleCredentials(
-        this.bundle.current,
-        this.bundle.grace
-      )
-      for (const credential of credentials) {
+      const selection = await selectDialableRelayCredentials({
+        bundle: this.bundle,
+        controller: this.relayReconnect,
+        readBundle: () => this.dependencies.readBundle(this.host.id),
+        onAdoptedFresherBundle: () => this.logRelay('adopted fresher durable credential bundle')
+      })
+      this.bundle = selection.bundle
+      if (selection.credentials.length === 0) {
+        // Why: "expired" vs "missing" separates a sleep-past-expiry phone
+        // (needs re-pair or LAN) from a Keychain failure in field reports.
+        this.logRelay(
+          selection.bundle
+            ? 'relay credential expired or rejected; slow reprobe armed'
+            : 'no relay credential bundle; slow reprobe armed'
+        )
+        this.relayReconnect.armCredentialReprobe()
+        return
+      }
+      for (const credential of selection.credentials) {
         const result = await this.tryRelayCredential(credential)
         if (result.ok) {
           retryAfterOperation = this.logical.getState() !== 'connected'
           return
         }
         lastError = result.error
+        this.logRelay(
+          'relay dial failed',
+          `${result.error.name}: ${String(result.error.message).slice(0, 80)}`
+        )
         if (this.relayReconnect.shouldTryGraceAfterRelayFailure(result.error)) {
           // Why: a rejected version stays invalid; retry only the grace credential.
           this.relayReconnect.recordRejectedCredential(credential.version)
@@ -145,12 +193,10 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
           break
         }
       }
-      if (credentials.length > 0) {
-        // Why: cleanup may happen while a relay dial is awaiting the network;
-        // record its outcome without recreating a foreground retry timer.
-        const scheduleRetry = !forceReplacement && this.foreground && !this.stopped
-        this.relayReconnect.registerFailure(lastError, scheduleRetry)
-      }
+      // Why: cleanup may happen while a relay dial is awaiting the network;
+      // record its outcome without recreating a foreground retry timer.
+      const scheduleRetry = !forceReplacement && this.foreground && !this.stopped
+      this.relayReconnect.registerFailure(lastError, scheduleRetry)
     } finally {
       this.operationInFlight = false
       if (forceReplacement && this.relayRotationPending && !this.stopped && this.foreground) {
@@ -207,6 +253,7 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
       }
       this.relayRotationPending = false
       this.hysteresis.recordMigration(this.dependencies.now())
+      this.logRelay('runtime channel migrated to relay')
       const confirmation = session.getResumeConfirmation()
       if (confirmation) {
         this.bundle = applyResumeConfirmation(this.bundle, credential.version, confirmation)
@@ -215,71 +262,21 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
         await this.dependencies.writeBundle(this.bundle).catch(() => {})
       }
       // Why: async persistence can finish after stop/background; never recreate a stale timer.
+      // Why: rotate against the resume credential's expiry, never the hello's
+      // leaseExpiresAt — that field is the cell's ~10s attach-reservation
+      // deadline, and using it forced a session replacement every second.
       this.leaseRotation.scheduleFromLease(
-        this.stopped || !this.foreground ? null : session.getLeaseExpiresAt()
+        this.stopped || !this.foreground
+          ? null
+          : (confirmation?.resumeExpiresAt ?? session.getResumeExpiresAt())
       )
-      this.scheduleDirectProbe()
+      this.directProbe.schedule()
       return { ok: true }
     } catch (error) {
       return { ok: false, error: session.getFailure() ?? toError(error) }
     }
   }
 
-  private scheduleDirectProbe(delayMs = DIRECT_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS): void {
-    if (
-      this.stopped ||
-      !this.foreground ||
-      this.logical.getActivePath() !== 'relay' ||
-      this.probeTimer
-    ) {
-      return
-    }
-    this.probeTimer = this.dependencies.setTimer(() => {
-      this.probeTimer = null
-      void this.probeDirect()
-    }, delayMs)
-  }
-
-  private async probeDirect(): Promise<void> {
-    if (
-      this.stopped ||
-      !this.foreground ||
-      this.operationInFlight ||
-      !this.hysteresis.canProbe(this.dependencies.now())
-    ) {
-      this.scheduleDirectProbe()
-      return
-    }
-    this.operationInFlight = true
-    let successful: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof openAuthenticatedDirectEndpoint>> = null
-    try {
-      const openDirect = this.dependencies.openDirect
-      successful = await openAuthenticatedDirectEndpoint(this.host, openDirect, 12_000)
-      if (!successful) {
-        this.hysteresis.recordDirectFailure(this.dependencies.now())
-        return
-      }
-      if (!this.hysteresis.recordDirectSuccess(this.dependencies.now())) {
-        successful.client.close()
-        return
-      }
-      await this.logical.migrateTo(successful.client, successful.path)
-      successful = null
-      this.hysteresis.recordMigration(this.dependencies.now())
-      this.leaseRotation.clear()
-      this.relayRotationPending = false
-      await this.rotateCredentialIfNeeded(this.relayReconnect.resetForDirectConnection())
-    } finally {
-      successful?.client.close()
-      this.operationInFlight = false
-      // Why: a relay drop or backoff timer can arrive while the direct probe owns the mutex.
-      if (this.relayRotationPending || this.logical.getState() !== 'connected') {
-        void this.recoverRelay(this.relayRotationPending)
-      }
-      this.scheduleDirectProbe()
-    }
-  }
-
   private async rotateCredentialIfNeeded(force = false): Promise<void> {
     if (
       this.stopped ||
@@ -321,11 +318,4 @@ export class MobileEndpointSupervisor {
       }
     }
   }
-
-  private clearDirectProbeTimer(): void {
-    if (this.probeTimer) {
-      this.dependencies.clearTimer(this.probeTimer)
-      this.probeTimer = null
-    }
-  }
 }
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-credential-selection.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-credential-selection.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcaca2080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-credential-selection.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import type { MobileRelayCredentialBundle } from './mobile-relay-credential-bundle'
+import type { RelayReconnectController } from './mobile-relay-reconnect-controller'
+
+// Why: pairing recovery, re-pairing, or a raced rotation can land a fresh
+// durable bundle after the supervisor snapshotted its copy; a gated retry must
+// see it instead of dialing (or refusing to dial) on stale state forever.
+//
+// Adoption is decided by OUTCOME, not by version: renewals extend expiresAt
+// without bumping current.version, and a re-pair restarts the version counter,
+// so version comparison cannot tell fresh from stale. The durable bundle is
+// adopted exactly when it yields a dialable (unexpired, non-rejected)
+// credential while the in-memory one does not — which also means a revoked
+// version can never be resurrected from a stale disk copy.
+export async function selectDialableRelayCredentials(args: {
+  bundle: MobileRelayCredentialBundle | null
+  controller: RelayReconnectController
+  readBundle: () => Promise<MobileRelayCredentialBundle | null>
+  onAdoptedFresherBundle: () => void
+}): Promise<{
+  bundle: MobileRelayCredentialBundle | null
+  credentials: MobileRelayCredentialBundle['current'][]
+}> {
+  const memory = args.bundle
+  const memoryCredentials = memory
+    ? args.controller.eligibleCredentials(memory.current, memory.grace)
+    : []
+  if (memoryCredentials.length > 0) {
+    // Why: in-memory can be newer than disk (a resume confirmation whose
+    // durable write failed); never let a stale disk copy shadow it.
+    return { bundle: memory, credentials: memoryCredentials }
+  }
+  const disk = await args.readBundle().catch(() => null)
+  if (disk) {
+    const diskCredentials = args.controller.eligibleCredentials(disk.current, disk.grace)
+    if (diskCredentials.length > 0) {
+      args.controller.acceptFreshCredential(disk.current.version)
+      args.onAdoptedFresherBundle()
+      return { bundle: disk, credentials: diskCredentials }
+    }
+  }
+  return { bundle: memory ?? disk, credentials: [] }
+}
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-lease-rotation-timer.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-lease-rotation-timer.ts
index bf2a3dd4d..19aedfe8b 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-lease-rotation-timer.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-lease-rotation-timer.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,13 @@
 // little before the deadline (and retry shortly if a forced rotation didn't land)
 // so the session never lapses. Owns the single lease/rotation timer slot.
 const LEASE_ROTATION_MARGIN_MS = 30_000
+// Why: both ends must be clamped. The floor bounds any bad deadline to one
+// forced rotation per minute instead of a sub-second loop; the ceiling keeps
+// the delay far below setTimeout's 32-bit limit (a 30-day resume TTL minus the
+// margin overflows int32 and fires at 1ms), at the cost of a harmless
+// re-resume every few hours on long-lived sessions.
+const LEASE_ROTATION_MIN_DELAY_MS = 60_000
+const LEASE_ROTATION_MAX_DELAY_MS = 6 * 60 * 60 * 1000
 
 export type RelayLeaseRotationDependencies = {
   now: () => number
@@ -23,9 +30,12 @@ export class RelayLeaseRotationTimer {
     if (!leaseExpiresAt) {
       return
     }
-    const delay = Math.max(
-      1000,
-      leaseExpiresAt - this.dependencies.now() - LEASE_ROTATION_MARGIN_MS
+    const delay = Math.min(
+      LEASE_ROTATION_MAX_DELAY_MS,
+      Math.max(
+        LEASE_ROTATION_MIN_DELAY_MS,
+        leaseExpiresAt - this.dependencies.now() - LEASE_ROTATION_MARGIN_MS
+      )
     )
     this.arm(delay)
   }
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.test.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.test.ts
index d630f0db6..cc640d4d7 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.test.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import { RelayReconnectController } from './mobile-relay-reconnect-controller'
 import type { StableLogicalRpcClient } from './stable-logical-rpc-client'
 
 vi.mock('react-native', () => ({ Platform: { OS: 'ios' } }))
-vi.mock('expo-crypto', () => ({ getRandomBytes: (length: number) => new Uint8Array(length) }))
+vi.mock('expo-crypto', () => ({
+  getRandomBytes: (length: number) => new Uint8Array(length)
+}))
 
 describe('relay reconnect controller', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
@@ -47,16 +49,104 @@ describe('relay reconnect controller', () => {
     expect(onRetry).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
 
-  it('waits for an external signal after rejected E2EE authentication', () => {
+  it('reprobes slowly after rejected E2EE authentication instead of parking forever', () => {
+    // Why: on a relay-only phone a permanent gate is a permanent outage — the
+    // desktop can commit pairing credentials moments after the first rejection.
     const onRetry = vi.fn()
     const reconnect = createController(onRetry)
 
     reconnect.registerFailure(new MobileE2EEAuthenticationError())
 
     expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(true)
-    expect(vi.getTimerCount()).toBe(0)
-    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
     expect(onRetry).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(59_000)
+    expect(onRetry).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(1_000)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    // The reprobe tick passes the gate exactly once, then defers again.
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(false)
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('keeps the fresh-credential gate reprobing after each failed gated attempt', () => {
+    const onRetry = vi.fn()
+    const reconnect = createController(onRetry)
+
+    reconnect.registerFailure(new RelayOuterError(4401))
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(true)
+
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(false)
+    // The gated attempt fails again with only rejected credentials on hand.
+    reconnect.registerFailure(new RelayOuterError(4401))
+
+    // The gated cadence escalates: the second reprobe waits twice as long.
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('resets the gated cadence when the app returns to the foreground', () => {
+    // Why: reopening the app is the strongest "conditions changed" signal a
+    // phone produces — it must not wait out an escalated 15-minute tick even
+    // when it cannot lift the credential gate itself.
+    const onRetry = vi.fn()
+    const reconnect = createController(onRetry)
+    const logical = { getState: () => 'disconnected' } as never
+
+    reconnect.registerFailure(new RelayOuterError(4401))
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    // A failed gated attempt escalates the next tick beyond the base cadence.
+    reconnect.registerFailure(new RelayOuterError(4401))
+
+    reconnect.clear()
+    reconnect.handleForeground(logical, false)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(true)
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(60_000)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+  })
+
+  it('does not let an orphaned reprobe timer swallow the next fast backoff', () => {
+    const onRetry = vi.fn()
+    const reconnect = createController(onRetry)
+    const logical = { getState: () => 'disconnected' } as never
+
+    reconnect.registerFailure(new MobileE2EEAuthenticationError())
+    // A foreground revival nudge clears the external-signal gate and its timer.
+    reconnect.handleForeground(logical, true)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+
+    // A plain transport failure must schedule its own fast retry, not wait
+    // out a leftover 60s reprobe timer.
+    reconnect.registerFailure(new RelayOuterError(4429))
+    vi.advanceTimersByTime(600)
+    expect(onRetry).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('lifts the fresh-credential gate when a durable bundle carries a new version', () => {
+    const onRetry = vi.fn()
+    const reconnect = createController(onRetry)
+
+    reconnect.recordRejectedCredential(2)
+    reconnect.armCredentialReprobe()
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(true)
+
+    reconnect.acceptFreshCredential(2)
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(true)
+
+    reconnect.acceptFreshCredential(3)
+    expect(reconnect.shouldDefer()).toBe(false)
+    expect(
+      reconnect.eligibleCredentials(
+        { token: 'fresh', version: 3, expiresAt: Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER },
+        null
+      )
+    ).toHaveLength(1)
   })
 
   it('upgrades host-revival gating to fresh credentials without later downgrading it', () => {
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.ts
index 6f586c174..f2a7cad6b 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-reconnect-controller.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ const RELAY_BACKOFF_CEILING_MS = 30_000
 const RELAY_STABLE_CONNECTION_MS = RELAY_BACKOFF_CEILING_MS
 const RELAY_HOST_OFFLINE_RETRY_MIN_MS = 5_000
 const RELAY_HOST_OFFLINE_RETRY_MAX_MS = 15_000
+// Why: gates must slow recovery down, never end it — a relay-only phone has no
+// direct path to refresh credentials, so a timerless gate is a permanent outage.
+// The cadence escalates and jitters so a permanently revoked device is not a
+// forever one-minute beacon and a fleet-wide gating event cannot phase-align.
+const RELAY_GATE_REPROBE_BASE_MS = 60_000
+const RELAY_GATE_REPROBE_CEILING_MS = 15 * 60_000
 
 export type RelayReconnectDependencies = {
   now: () => number
@@ -34,6 +40,8 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
   private timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null
   private activeSession: MobileRelayRpcSession | null = null
   private recoveryGate: RecoveryGate | null = null
+  private gateReprobePending = false
+  private gateReprobeStreak = 0
   private readonly rejectedCredentialVersions = new Set<number>()
 
   constructor(
@@ -43,12 +51,15 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
 
   handleForeground(logical: StableLogicalRpcClient, wasForeground: boolean): void {
     if (!wasForeground) {
-      // Why: an app resume is a fresh signal, unlike repeated network-flap nudges.
+      // Why: an app resume is a fresh signal, unlike repeated network-flap
+      // nudges — it resets the gated cadence even when it cannot lift the
+      // credential gate, so reopening the app never waits out a 15min tick.
+      this.gateReprobeStreak = 0
       if (this.recoveryGate !== 'fresh-credential') {
         this.reset()
       }
     } else if (this.recoveryGate === 'external-signal') {
-      this.recoveryGate = null
+      this.liftGate()
     }
     if (
       wasForeground &&
@@ -87,8 +98,7 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
     this.activeSession = session
     this.activeRelayConnectedAt = this.dependencies.now()
     this.nextAttemptAt = 0
-    this.recoveryGate = null
-    this.clearTimer()
+    this.liftGate()
   }
 
   resetForDirectConnection(): boolean {
@@ -97,10 +107,14 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
     this.activeSession = null
     this.activeRelayConnectedAt = null
     if (needsCredentialRefresh) {
-      // Why: the rejected credential stays unusable until its replacement is durable.
+      // Why: the rejected credential stays unusable until its replacement is
+      // durable. No reprobe timer here — direct is live, rotation over it
+      // clears the gate, and any later state failure re-arms via shouldDefer.
       this.consecutiveFailures = 0
       this.nextAttemptAt = 0
       this.recoveryGate = 'fresh-credential'
+      this.gateReprobePending = false
+      this.gateReprobeStreak = 0
       this.clearTimer()
     } else {
       this.reset()
@@ -128,10 +142,36 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
     if (eligible.length === 0 && this.rejectedCredentialVersions.size > 0) {
       this.recoveryGate = 'fresh-credential'
       this.clearTimer()
+      this.scheduleGateReprobe()
     }
     return eligible
   }
 
+  // For callers that found no dialable credential at all: keep a slow retry
+  // alive so a later durable write can recover.
+  armCredentialReprobe(): void {
+    if (this.rejectedCredentialVersions.size > 0) {
+      this.recoveryGate = 'fresh-credential'
+      this.clearTimer()
+      this.scheduleGateReprobe()
+      return
+    }
+    // Why: a merely missing or expired bundle must not enter the credential
+    // gate — that gate forces a rotation on the next direct connect. A plain
+    // cooldown retries the read on the same escalating cadence.
+    const delay = this.gateReprobeDelayMs()
+    this.nextAttemptAt = this.dependencies.now() + delay
+    this.clearTimer()
+    this.scheduleReprobeTick(delay, false)
+  }
+
+  // A durable bundle whose current version is not rejected reopens the gate.
+  acceptFreshCredential(version: number): void {
+    if (this.recoveryGate === 'fresh-credential' && !this.rejectedCredentialVersions.has(version)) {
+      this.liftGate()
+    }
+  }
+
   recordRejectedCredential(version: number): void {
     this.rejectedCredentialVersions.add(version)
   }
@@ -154,6 +194,12 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
   // re-dial. Arms the self-scheduled retry so recovery still happens on its own.
   shouldDefer(): boolean {
     if (this.recoveryGate) {
+      if (this.gateReprobePending) {
+        // Why: the slow reprobe tick gets exactly one attempt through the gate.
+        this.gateReprobePending = false
+        return false
+      }
+      this.scheduleGateReprobe()
       return true
     }
     if (this.dependencies.now() < this.nextAttemptAt) {
@@ -173,8 +219,9 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
       this.recoveryGate === 'fresh-credential' ||
       (this.recoveryGate === 'external-signal' && recovery?.kind !== 'disable-relay-credential')
     ) {
-      // Why: only the gate's external signal can make a known-fatal recovery retryable.
+      // Why: a failed reprobe stays gated, but the slow cadence must keep going.
       this.clearTimer()
+      this.scheduleGateReprobe()
       return
     }
     const now = this.dependencies.now()
@@ -192,15 +239,20 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
       recovery?.kind === 'retry-after-host-offline' ? this.hostOfflineDelayMs() : this.delayMs()
     this.nextAttemptAt = now + delay
     if (error instanceof MobileE2EEAuthenticationError) {
-      // Why: pairing state cannot change on a timer; polling only wakes the radio.
+      // Why: an E2EE rejection is usually pairing revocation, but it also fires
+      // transiently right after pairing while the desktop commits credentials —
+      // reprobe slowly instead of waiting forever for a UI nudge.
       this.recoveryGate = 'external-signal'
       this.clearTimer()
+      this.scheduleGateReprobe()
       return
     }
     if (recovery?.kind === 'disable-relay-credential') {
-      // Why: a rejected outer credential cannot recover until direct connectivity refreshes it.
+      // Why: never redial a rejected credential fast, but keep a slow reprobe
+      // alive — the caller re-reads durable state before each gated attempt.
       this.recoveryGate = 'fresh-credential'
       this.clearTimer()
+      this.scheduleGateReprobe()
       return
     }
     if (recovery?.kind === 'retry-after-host-offline') {
@@ -235,12 +287,12 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
     this.consecutiveFailures = 0
     this.activeRelayConnectedAt = null
     this.nextAttemptAt = 0
-    this.recoveryGate = null
-    this.clearTimer()
+    this.liftGate()
   }
 
   clear(): void {
     this.clearTimer()
+    this.gateReprobePending = false
     this.activeSession = null
     this.activeRelayConnectedAt = null
   }
@@ -263,6 +315,45 @@ export class RelayReconnectController {
     }, delay)
   }
 
+  private scheduleGateReprobe(): void {
+    this.scheduleReprobeTick(this.gateReprobeDelayMs(), true)
+  }
+
+  private scheduleReprobeTick(delay: number, mintToken: boolean): void {
+    if (this.timer) {
+      return
+    }
+    this.timer = this.dependencies.setTimer(() => {
+      this.timer = null
+      // Why: the streak advances once per fired tick — arm attempts within one
+      // cycle recompute the same delay instead of triple-escalating it.
+      this.gateReprobeStreak = Math.min(this.gateReprobeStreak + 1, 8)
+      // Why: the tick token is only minted while its gate still holds; a later
+      // gate must not spend a stale token and bypass its own cooldown.
+      if (mintToken && this.recoveryGate) {
+        this.gateReprobePending = true
+      }
+      this.onRetry()
+    }, delay)
+  }
+
+  private gateReprobeDelayMs(): number {
+    const base = Math.min(
+      RELAY_GATE_REPROBE_CEILING_MS,
+      RELAY_GATE_REPROBE_BASE_MS * 2 ** Math.min(this.gateReprobeStreak, 8)
+    )
+    return Math.floor(base * (0.75 + 0.5 * this.jitterFraction()))
+  }
+
+  // Why: clearing a gate must also drop its timer, pending tick, and cadence —
+  // an orphaned reprobe timer would otherwise swallow the next fast backoff.
+  private liftGate(): void {
+    this.recoveryGate = null
+    this.gateReprobePending = false
+    this.gateReprobeStreak = 0
+    this.clearTimer()
+  }
+
   private delayMs(): number {
     const exponent = Math.max(0, this.consecutiveFailures - 1)
     const cap = Math.min(RELAY_BACKOFF_CEILING_MS, RELAY_BACKOFF_BASE_MS * 2 ** exponent)
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-recovery-log.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-recovery-log.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b373cd11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-recovery-log.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import type { ConnectionLogSink } from './types'
+
+export type RelayRecoveryLog = (message: string, detail?: string) => void
+
+// Why: relay recovery failed silently in production for weeks; every decision
+// must reach logcat and the in-app connection log.
+export function createRelayRecoveryLog(
+  now: () => number,
+  onLog?: ConnectionLogSink
+): RelayRecoveryLog {
+  let sequence = 0
+  return (message, detail) => {
+    console.log(`[relay] ${message}`, detail ?? '')
+    onLog?.({
+      id: `relay-${++sequence}`,
+      ts: now(),
+      level: 'info',
+      message: `Relay: ${message}`,
+      ...(detail ? { detail } : {})
+    })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.test.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.test.ts
index 54ae83874..f5fa49a78 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.test.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.test.ts
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('mobile relay RPC session', () => {
     })
     expect(confirmationRequest.params).not.toHaveProperty('relayDeviceId')
     expect(confirmationRequest.params).not.toHaveProperty('acceptedCredentialVersion')
-    expect(session.getLeaseExpiresAt()).toEqual(expect.any(Number))
+    expect(session.getAttachDeadlineAt()).toEqual(expect.any(Number))
   })
 
   it('rejects a mismatched outer credential version and closes the physical link', () => {
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.ts
index a614e8333..ac0650122 100644
--- a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.ts
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-rpc-session.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ type PendingRequest = {
 }
 
 export type MobileRelayRpcSession = RpcClient & {
-  getLeaseExpiresAt(): number | null
+  // The cell's attach-reservation deadline (~10s). Diagnostics only — never
+  // schedule anything from it; rotation keys off getResumeExpiresAt().
+  getAttachDeadlineAt(): number | null
+  getResumeExpiresAt(): number | null
   getResumeConfirmation(): DeviceResumeConfirmed | null
   getFailure(): Error | null
 }
@@ -40,7 +43,8 @@ export function connectMobileRelayRpcSession(args: {
   let state: ConnectionState = 'connecting'
   let requestCounter = 0
   let lastConnectedAt: number | null = null
-  let leaseExpiresAt: number | null = null
+  let attachDeadlineAt: number | null = null
+  let resumeExpiresAt: number | null = null
   let resumeConfirmation: DeviceResumeConfirmed | null = null
   let failure: Error | null = null
   let closed = false
@@ -65,7 +69,8 @@ export function connectMobileRelayRpcSession(args: {
         fail(new Error('relay resume credential version mismatch'))
         return
       }
-      leaseExpiresAt = hello.leaseExpiresAt
+      attachDeadlineAt = hello.leaseExpiresAt
+      resumeExpiresAt = hello.resumeExpiresAt
       publishState('handshaking')
     },
     onAuthenticated: () => void confirmResume(),
@@ -109,7 +114,8 @@ export function connectMobileRelayRpcSession(args: {
       streams.clear()
       publishState('disconnected')
     },
-    getLeaseExpiresAt: () => leaseExpiresAt,
+    getAttachDeadlineAt: () => attachDeadlineAt,
+    getResumeExpiresAt: () => resumeExpiresAt,
     getResumeConfirmation: () => resumeConfirmation,
     getFailure: () => failure
   }
@@ -131,6 +137,7 @@ export function connectMobileRelayRpcSession(args: {
         throw new Error('relay resume confirmation missing')
       }
       resumeConfirmation = result.resumeConfirmation
+      resumeExpiresAt = result.resumeConfirmation.resumeExpiresAt
       lastConnectedAt = Date.now()
       publishState('connected')
     } catch (error) {
diff --git a/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-runtime-failover.test.ts b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-runtime-failover.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcb8ba194
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mobile/src/transport/mobile-relay-runtime-failover.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { connect, type RpcClient } from './rpc-client'
+import {
+  createStableLogicalRpcClient,
+  type MobileConnectionPath,
+  type StableLogicalRpcClient
+} from './stable-logical-rpc-client'
+import { MobileE2EEAuthenticationError } from './mobile-e2ee-v2-physical-channel'
+import { RelayOuterError } from './mobile-relay-e2ee-link'
+import type { MobileRelayCredentialBundle } from './mobile-relay-credential-bundle'
+import type { MobileRelayRpcSession } from './mobile-relay-rpc-session'
+import {
+  MobileEndpointSupervisor,
+  type MobileEndpointSupervisorDependencies
+} from './mobile-endpoint-supervisor'
+import type { ConnectionState, HostProfile, RpcResponse } from './types'
+
+// Regression suite for the 2026-08 field failure: a phone paired over the
+// relay whose direct LAN endpoint is unreachable (Tailscale off) dialed the
+// LAN endpoint forever and never recovered a relay runtime session.
+
+vi.mock('react-native', () => ({ Platform: { OS: 'android' } }))
+vi.mock('expo-secure-store', () => ({
+  WHEN_UNLOCKED_THIS_DEVICE_ONLY: 'when-unlocked'
+}))
+vi.mock('expo-crypto', () => ({
+  getRandomBytes: (length: number) => new Uint8Array(length)
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./e2ee', () => ({
+  generateKeyPair: () => ({
+    publicKey: new Uint8Array(32),
+    secretKey: new Uint8Array(32)
+  }),
+  deriveSharedKey: () => new Uint8Array(32),
+  publicKeyFromBase64: () => new Uint8Array(32),
+  publicKeyToBase64: () => 'client-public-key',
+  encrypt: (plaintext: string) => plaintext,
+  decrypt: (raw: string) => raw,
+  decryptBytes: (bytes: Uint8Array) => bytes
+}))
+
+class FakeSession implements RpcClient {
+  readonly sendRequest = vi.fn(
+    async (): Promise<RpcResponse> => ({
+      id: 'rpc-1',
+      ok: true,
+      result: {},
+      _meta: { runtimeId: 'runtime-1' }
+    })
+  )
+  readonly subscribe = vi.fn(() => () => {})
+  readonly updateTerminalSubscriptionViewport = vi.fn()
+  readonly notifyForeground = vi.fn()
+  readonly close = vi.fn()
+  private readonly listeners = new Set<(state: ConnectionState) => void>()
+
+  constructor(private state: ConnectionState) {}
+
+  getState = () => this.state
+  getReconnectAttempt = () => 0
+  getLastConnectedAt = () => null
+  onStateChange = (listener: (state: ConnectionState) => void) => {
+    this.listeners.add(listener)
+    return () => this.listeners.delete(listener)
+  }
+
+  publishState(state: ConnectionState): void {
+    this.state = state
+    for (const listener of this.listeners) {
+      listener(state)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+class FakeRelaySession extends FakeSession implements MobileRelayRpcSession {
+  constructor(
+    state: ConnectionState,
+    private readonly failure: Error | null = null
+  ) {
+    super(state)
+  }
+  // Why: production-realistic constants — fictional fake values hid three
+  // live defects in this subsystem (latch, churn, int32 timer overflow).
+  getAttachDeadlineAt = () => Date.now() + 10_000
+  getResumeExpiresAt = () => Date.now() + 30 * 24 * 3_600_000
+  getResumeConfirmation = () => null
+  getFailure = () => this.failure
+}
+
+class FakeLogicalClient extends FakeSession implements StableLogicalRpcClient {
+  private path: MobileConnectionPath
+
+  constructor(state: ConnectionState, path: MobileConnectionPath) {
+    super(state)
+    this.path = path
+  }
+
+  migrateTo = vi.fn(async (session: RpcClient, path: MobileConnectionPath) => {
+    if (session.getState() !== 'connected') {
+      session.close()
+      throw new Error(`replacement session ${session.getState()}`)
+    }
+    this.path = path
+    this.publishState('connected')
+  })
+  suspendActiveSession = vi.fn(() => this.publishState('disconnected'))
+  getActivePath = () => this.path
+}
+
+const relay = {
+  v: 1 as const,
+  directorUrl: 'https://relay.onorca.dev',
+  cellUrl: 'https://relay-c1.onorca.dev',
+  assignmentEpoch: 7,
+  relayHostId: 'AbCdEf0123_-xyZ9',
+  e2eeFraming: 2 as const
+}
+
+const DIRECT_ENDPOINT = 'ws://100.88.90.25:6768'
+
+const host: HostProfile = {
+  id: 'host-1',
+  name: 'Blue Whale',
+  endpoint: DIRECT_ENDPOINT,
+  deviceToken: 'device-token',
+  publicKeyB64: 'A'.repeat(44),
+  lastConnected: 1,
+  endpoints: [
+    { id: 'direct-primary', kind: 'lan', url: DIRECT_ENDPOINT },
+    {
+      id: 'relay-primary',
+      kind: 'relay',
+      url: 'wss://relay-c1.onorca.dev/v1/connect/id'
+    }
+  ],
+  relayHostId: relay.relayHostId,
+  relay
+}
+
+function bundleWith(version: number, expiresAt: number): MobileRelayCredentialBundle {
+  return {
+    v: 1,
+    hostId: host.id,
+    deviceToken: host.deviceToken,
+    current: {
+      token: `token-v${version}`.padEnd(43, 'A'),
+      hash: 'B'.repeat(43),
+      version,
+      expiresAt
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function dependencies(
+  overrides: Partial<MobileEndpointSupervisorDependencies> = {}
+): MobileEndpointSupervisorDependencies {
+  return {
+    openDirect: vi.fn(() => new FakeSession('connected')),
+    openRelay: vi.fn(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected')),
+    resolveRelay: vi.fn(async ({ relay }) => relay),
+    readBundle: vi.fn(async () => bundleWith(2, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)),
+    writeBundle: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    saveHost: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    now: Date.now,
+    randomBytes: (length: number) => new Uint8Array(length),
+    setTimer: setTimeout,
+    clearTimer: clearTimeout,
+    ...overrides
+  }
+}
+
+describe('relay runtime recovery without direct connectivity', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-08-02T12:00:00Z'))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('recovers from a rejected outer credential once a fresher bundle is durable', async () => {
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const openRelay = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(new FakeRelaySession('disconnected', new RelayOuterError(4401)))
+      .mockImplementation(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected'))
+    const readBundle = vi
+      .fn(async () => bundleWith(3, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(bundleWith(2, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+    const deps = dependencies({ openRelay, readBundle })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+    // Pre-fix, the fresh-credential gate latched here with no timer and no exit.
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+      relay,
+      expect.objectContaining({ version: 3 }),
+      expect.any(String)
+    )
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+
+  it('recovers when the credential bundle was unreadable at supervisor start', async () => {
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const readBundle = vi
+      .fn(async () => bundleWith(2, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(null)
+    const deps = dependencies({ readBundle })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    // Pre-fix, a null first read killed relay recovery for the process lifetime.
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+
+    expect(deps.openRelay).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+
+  it('recovers from an expired-at-start bundle after a fresh credential lands', async () => {
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const expired = bundleWith(2, Date.now() - 1)
+    const readBundle = vi.fn(async () => expired)
+    const deps = dependencies({ readBundle })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(deps.openRelay).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    readBundle.mockImplementation(async () => bundleWith(3, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+    // Pre-fix, an expired bundle produced a silent no-op with nothing scheduled.
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
+
+    expect(deps.openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+
+  it('retries after an E2EE authentication rejection without a UI nudge', async () => {
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const openRelay = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(
+        new FakeRelaySession('disconnected', new MobileE2EEAuthenticationError())
+      )
+      .mockImplementation(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected'))
+    const deps = dependencies({ openRelay })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+    // Pre-fix, this state waited indefinitely for a foreground/navigation event.
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+
+  it('adopts a durable renewal that extends expiry without bumping the version', async () => {
+    // Why: resume confirmations and pairing recovery renew expiresAt while
+    // keeping current.version — version comparison cannot see this freshness.
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const expired = bundleWith(2, Date.now() - 1)
+    const readBundle = vi
+      .fn(async () => bundleWith(2, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(expired)
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(expired)
+    const deps = dependencies({ readBundle })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(deps.openRelay).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
+    expect(deps.openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(deps.openRelay).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+      relay,
+      expect.objectContaining({ version: 2 }),
+      expect.any(String)
+    )
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+
+  it('adopts a re-paired credential whose version counter restarted', async () => {
+    // Why: re-pairing overwrites the same keychain slot with a NEW credential
+    // record whose counter restarts at 1 — lower than the rejected version.
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const openRelay = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(new FakeRelaySession('disconnected', new RelayOuterError(4401)))
+      .mockImplementation(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected'))
+    const readBundle = vi
+      .fn(async () => bundleWith(1, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(bundleWith(4, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER))
+    const deps = dependencies({ openRelay, readBundle })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60_000)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+      relay,
+      expect.objectContaining({ version: 1 }),
+      expect.any(String)
+    )
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+
+  it('does not churn relay sessions off the cell attach-reservation deadline', async () => {
+    // Why: the relay-hello's leaseExpiresAt is a ~10s attach deadline. Keying
+    // rotation off it replaced the session every second, killing any RPC
+    // slower than the cycle (the field symptom: "Worktree list unavailable").
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const openRelay = vi.fn(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected'))
+    // Direct stays unreachable, as in the field — return probes must not
+    // confuse the churn measurement by migrating back to direct.
+    const openDirect = vi.fn(() => new FakeSession('disconnected'))
+    const deps = dependencies({ openRelay, openDirect })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(5 * 60_000)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+
+  it('recovers immediately on a background/foreground cycle after an E2EE rejection', async () => {
+    const logical = new FakeLogicalClient('disconnected', 'lan')
+    const openRelay = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(
+        new FakeRelaySession('disconnected', new MobileE2EEAuthenticationError())
+      )
+      .mockImplementation(() => new FakeRelaySession('connected'))
+    const deps = dependencies({ openRelay })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+
+    supervisor.setForeground(false)
+    supervisor.setForeground(true)
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0)
+
+    expect(openRelay).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+  })
+})
+
+// The field failure's first symptom: a real direct rpc-client dialing an
+// unroutable LAN endpoint (instant 1006) while relay credentials sit unused.
+class DeadSocket {
+  static constructed: string[] = []
+  onopen: (() => void) | null = null
+  onclose: ((event: { code?: number; reason?: string }) => void) | null = null
+  onerror: ((event: unknown) => void) | null = null
+  onmessage: ((event: { data: unknown }) => void) | null = null
+  readyState = 0
+
+  constructor(readonly url: string) {
+    DeadSocket.constructed.push(url)
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      this.readyState = 3
+      this.onclose?.({ code: 1006, reason: '' })
+    }, 50)
+  }
+
+  send(): void {}
+  close(): void {
+    this.readyState = 3
+  }
+}
+
+describe('failover with a real direct rpc-client', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    DeadSocket.constructed = []
+    vi.stubGlobal('WebSocket', DeadSocket)
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-08-02T12:00:00Z'))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('migrates the logical client to relay after the direct dial fails', async () => {
+    const logical = createStableLogicalRpcClient(
+      connect(DIRECT_ENDPOINT, host.deviceToken, host.publicKeyB64),
+      'tailscale' as MobileConnectionPath
+    )
+    const deps = dependencies()
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    await supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(3_000)
+
+    expect(deps.openRelay).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+    logical.close()
+  })
+
+  it('reaches relay even when the bundle read settles after the first direct failure', async () => {
+    const logical = createStableLogicalRpcClient(
+      connect(DIRECT_ENDPOINT, host.deviceToken, host.publicKeyB64),
+      'tailscale' as MobileConnectionPath
+    )
+    const deps = dependencies({
+      readBundle: vi.fn(async () => {
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 200))
+        return bundleWith(2, Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER)
+      })
+    })
+    const supervisor = new MobileEndpointSupervisor(logical, host, deps)
+
+    const started = supervisor.start()
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(300)
+    await started
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(3_000)
+
+    expect(deps.openRelay).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(logical.getActivePath()).toBe('relay')
+    supervisor.stop()
+    logical.close()
+  })
+})