diff --git a/lib/errors/index.ts b/lib/errors/index.ts
index 109b1c618..99269ed5d 100644
--- a/lib/errors/index.ts
+++ b/lib/errors/index.ts
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ export const errorHandler: ErrorHandler = (error, ctx) => {
             },
         });
     } else {
-        ctx.header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8');
-
         if (error instanceof RequestInProgressError) {
             ctx.header('Cache-Control', `public, max-age=${config.requestTimeout / 1000}`);
             ctx.status(503);
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ export const errorHandler: ErrorHandler = (error, ctx) => {
 
         const requestPath = ctx.req.path;
 
-        return ctx.body(
+        return ctx.html(
             art(path.resolve(__dirname, '../views/error.art'), {
                 requestPath,
                 message,
diff --git a/lib/middleware/template.ts b/lib/middleware/template.ts
index 2ac5c3aea..88f7f1122 100644
--- a/lib/middleware/template.ts
+++ b/lib/middleware/template.ts
@@ -14,15 +14,12 @@ const middleware: MiddlewareHandler = async (ctx, next) => {
     // only enable when debugInfo=true
     if (config.debugInfo) {
         if (outputType === 'debug.json') {
-            ctx.header('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset=UTF-8');
-            return ctx.body(ctx.get('json') ? JSON.stringify(ctx.get('json'), null, 4) : JSON.stringify({ message: 'plugin does not set debug json' }));
+            return ctx.json(ctx.get('json') || { message: 'plugin does not set debug json' });
         }
 
         if (/(\d+)\.debug\.html$/.test(outputType)) {
-            ctx.header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8');
-
             const index = Number.parseInt(outputType.match(/(\d+)\.debug\.html$/)?.[1] || '0');
-            return ctx.body(data?.item?.[index]?.description || `data.item[${index}].description not found`);
+            return ctx.text(data?.item?.[index]?.description || `data.item[${index}].description not found`);
         }
     }
 
@@ -87,8 +84,7 @@ const middleware: MiddlewareHandler = async (ctx, next) => {
     }
 
     if (outputType === 'ums') {
-        ctx.header('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset=UTF-8');
-        return ctx.body(rss3Ums(result));
+        return ctx.json(rss3Ums(result));
     } else if (outputType === 'json') {
         ctx.header('Content-Type', 'application/feed+json; charset=UTF-8');
         return ctx.body(json(result));
diff --git a/lib/routes/index.ts b/lib/routes/index.ts
index da0acbeaa..be7a6180a 100644
--- a/lib/routes/index.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/index.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import { getDebugInfo } from '@/utils/debug-info';
 const startTime = Date.now();
 
 const handler: Handler = (ctx) => {
-    ctx.header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8');
     ctx.header('Cache-Control', 'no-cache');
 
     const debug = getDebugInfo();
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ const handler: Handler = (ctx) => {
 
     const duration = Date.now() - startTime;
 
-    return ctx.body(
+    return ctx.html(
         art(path.resolve(__dirname, '../views/welcome.art'), {
             showDebug,
             disallowRobot,
diff --git a/lib/routes/robots.txt.ts b/lib/routes/robots.txt.ts
index 0f0e8ab2a..3185d1bdb 100644
--- a/lib/routes/robots.txt.ts
+++ b/lib/routes/robots.txt.ts
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ import { config } from '@/config';
 
 const handler: Handler = (ctx) => {
     if (config.disallowRobot) {
-        ctx.header('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
-        return ctx.body('User-agent: *\nDisallow: /');
+        return ctx.text('User-agent: *\nDisallow: /');
     } else {
         ctx.status(404);
-        return ctx.body('');
+        return ctx.text('');
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/lib/views/json.ts b/lib/views/json.ts
index 8810a8dcd..20111b8df 100644
--- a/lib/views/json.ts
+++ b/lib/views/json.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ const json = (data: Data) => {
             _extra: item._extra || undefined,
         })),
     };
-    return JSON.stringify(jsonFeed, null, 4);
+    return JSON.stringify(jsonFeed);
 };
 
 export default json;
diff --git a/lib/views/rss3-ums.ts b/lib/views/rss3-ums.ts
index 453f4ffef..6f932c0b7 100644
--- a/lib/views/rss3-ums.ts
+++ b/lib/views/rss3-ums.ts
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ const rss3Ums = (data) => {
             };
         }),
     };
-    return JSON.stringify(umsResult, null, 4);
+    return umsResult;
 };
 
 // we treat the domain as the owner of the content